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| children = | parents = | relatives = Joan Fontaine | awards = | signature = Olivia de Havilland Signature.png }} Olivia Mary de Havilland (born July 1, 1916) is an Anglo-American actress known for her early ingenue roles, as well as her later more substantial roles.〔("Olivia de Havilland". ) ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' retrieved February 15, 2013.〕 Born in Tokyo to English parents, de Havilland and her younger sister, actress Joan Fontaine, moved to California in 1919. She performed as Melanie Hamilton in ''Gone with the Wind'' (1939) and in eight co-starring roles opposite Errol Flynn, including ''Captain Blood'' (1935), ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' (1938), ''Dodge City'' (1939), ''Santa Fe Trail'' (1940), and ''They Died with Their Boots On'' (1941). She is one of the last living actors/actresses from the Golden Age of Hollywood. At the age of 99, she is the oldest living actor who has won an Academy Award, and she is the last surviving major actor from the film ''Gone with the Wind''. De Havilland won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performances in ''To Each His Own'' (1946) and ''The Heiress'' (1949); de Havilland and sister Fontaine are the only siblings to have won lead acting Academy Awards. She also received the National Board of Review Award, the New York Film Critics Circle Award, the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon, and the Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup for her performance in ''The Snake Pit'' (1948). She was awarded the Golden Globe Award for her performance in ''The Heiress'' in 1950 and for ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'' in 1987. In 1960, she was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her work in films. In 2008, she was presented with the National Medal of Arts by President George W. Bush.〔 ==Early life== Olivia de Havilland was born on July 1, 1916, in Tokyo, Japan, to parents from the United Kingdom. Her father, Walter Augustus de Havilland (August 31, 1872 – May 23, 1968), was educated at the University of Cambridge and served as an English professor at the Imperial University in Tokyo before becoming a patent attorney with a practice in Japan.〔Thomas 1983, p. 20.〕 Her mother, Lilian Augusta (née Ruse; June 11, 1886 – February 20, 1975),〔("Olivia Mary de Havilland at ''ThePeerage.com'' ); retrieved February 15, 2013.〕〔(Olivia de Havilland profile at FilmReference.com ); retrieved February 15, 2013.〕 was educated at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and became a stage actress who left her career after going to Tokyo with her husband.〔 Her mother would return to work with the stage name Lillian Fontaine after her daughters achieved fame in the 1940s. Olivia's paternal cousin was Sir Geoffrey de Havilland (1882–1965), an aircraft designer, notably of the De Havilland Mosquito,〔French, Philip. "Screen Legends No.73". ''The Observer'', Review Section, 2009.〕 and founder of the aircraft company which bore his name. Her paternal grandfather, the Reverend Charles Richard de Havilland, was from a family from Guernsey, in the Channel Islands.〔Beeman 1994, p. 24.〕〔Thomson 2010, p. 339.〕 De Havilland's parents married in 1914, but the marriage was not a happy one due to her father's infidelities.〔Thomas 1983, p. 22.〕 Her younger sister, Joan de Havilland (later known as actress Joan Fontaine), was born on October 22, 1917. In February 1919, Lillian persuaded her husband to take the family back to England to a climate better suited for their ailing daughters.〔 The family stopped in California to treat Olivia's bronchial condition and high temperature. After Joan developed pneumonia, Lillian decided to remain with her daughters in California, where they settled in the village of Saratoga, about south of San Francisco. Her father abandoned the family and returned to his Japanese housekeeper, who would eventually become his second wife.〔 Her parents' divorce was not finalized until February 1925.〔Thomas 1983, p. 23.〕 Although she left the acting profession, Lillian taught her daughters to appreciate the arts, reading Shakespeare to her children. She also taught them music and elocution.〔Thomas 1983, p. 24.〕 In April 1925, after her divorce was finalized, Lillian remarried, this time to a department store owner named George M. Fontaine, whose strict parenting soon generated animosity in his new stepdaughters. Only a year apart, the sisters became lifelong rivals.〔Cornwell, Rupert. ("Sibling rivalry: Hollywood's oldest feud." ) ''The Independent'', May 15, 2008. Retrieved: March 6, 2013.〕 De Havilland was educated at Saratoga Grammar School, the Notre Dame High School in Belmont, and Los Gatos High School.〔Thomas 1983, p. 25.〕〔("Biography." ) ''Olivia de Havilland''. Retrieved: March 6, 2013.〕 In high school, she excelled in oratory and field hockey and participated in the school drama club.〔Thomas 1983, p. 26.〕 In 1933, she made her debut in amateur theatre in the lead role in ''Alice in Wonderland'', a production of the Saratoga Community Players based on the work of Lewis Carroll.〔 She would later remember: After graduating high school in 1934, de Havilland was offered the role of Puck in the Saratoga Community Theater production of ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''.〔 That summer, Austrian director Max Reinhardt came to California for a major new production of the same play at the Hollywood Bowl. After one of Reinhardt's assistants saw Olivia perform in the Saratoga production, he offered her the understudy position for the role of Hermia.〔Thomas 1983, p. 27.〕 One week before the premiere, the actress playing Hermia left to take a part in a film, and de Havilland took her place. After receiving positive reviews, she went on to play Hermia through the entire engagement, as well as the four-week tour that followed.〔 During the tour, Reinhardt received word that he would direct the Warner Bros. film version of his stage production, and he offered de Havilland the film role of Hermia. Wanting to become an English teacher,〔 she was going to matriculate at Mills College with a scholarship in the fall but Reinhardt persuaded her to accept. Soon after, the 18-year-old actress signed a seven-year contract with Warner Bros.〔Thomas 1983, p. 28.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Olivia de Havilland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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